Bird flu is spreading locally and Australia faces more wildlife deaths. How bad could it get?

Original article by Donna Lu

Australia has entered a new phase in dealing with the incursion of deadly H5N1 bird flu, with authorities confirming on Wednesday that local transmission of the highly virulent strain had taken place.

“We have had what is suggestive of local transmission for the first time,” Julie Collins, the federal minister for agriculture, fisheries and forestry, said on Wednesday afternoon, after 11 new suspected detections were reported in South Australian birds.

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“We will expect to see increased evidence and deaths of wildlife … given there has been some local transmission,” she said. “This small shift in the situation will be very disappointing to many, but is certainly not an unexpected development as the last continent to detect H5 bird flu.”

Now that authorities believe transmission of H5 strain is occurring locally, what does this mean for Australia’s wildlife, and how bad could things get?

What’s the current status of H5N1 bird flu in Australia?

On Wednesday morning, South Australian authorities announced 11 new suspected bird flu detections in greater crested terns in the state’s south-east, including four cases on Kangaroo Island. That brings Australia to a total of 27 confirmed detections.

Julie Collins, the agriculture minister, said the Consultative Committee on Emergency Animal Diseases – comprising federal and state and territory authorities – had met on Wednesday and agreed that “some local transmission has occurred between a number of greater crested terns that are resident in South Australia”.

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Dr Beth Cookson, Australia’s chief veterinary officer, said genetic sequencing showed all confirmed cases detected to date were related to sub-Antarctic strains of the virus.

Clare Scriven, the SA minister for primary industries, said earlier on Wednesday: “This is concerning but not unexpected. We knew that eventually when bird flu arrived in Australia it would spread. It has spread on every other continent around the globe.”

To date, there have been no H5 detections in poultry or agricultural industries in Australia. “The risk to human health remains low,” Collins said.

How could bird flu affect wildlife on Kangaroo Island?

One of the Kangaroo Island bird flu detections was at Seal Bay, home to the country’s third-largest Australian sea lion population. Conservationists have expressed fears for the sea lion population there.

Alexia Wellbelove, campaigns director at the Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS), said Australian sea lions were “now on the frontline of the potential wildlife crisis”.

About 80% of the Australian sea lion population is found in South Australia; the endangered mammal has seen populations decline by 60% in four decades, with remaining numbers about 12,000.

“In South America, this virus killed 30,000 sea lion pups in just six months following transmission from birds to marine mammals,” Wellbelove said. “On our own Heard Island, it killed more than 13,000 elephant seal pups in a single season … we now have to face the very real possibility of similar devastation here at home, in a species already teetering on the edge.”

Scriven said on-beach tours at Seal Bay were temporarily paused to keep people separate from the “very vulnerable” animal population and to reduce the risk of spreading infection.

What can be done to stop the spread of bird flu?

Not much, unfortunately. Cookson said on Wednesday: “We do know from the overseas experience that once the virus becomes more widespread in wild bird populations it will not be possible to avoid losses in susceptible wildlife in the natural environment.”

Authorities had anticipated the arrival of H5N1 in Australia through migratory birds “for a number of years”, she said. They will continue to focus on surveillance, to confirm where the virus is circulating and to “reduce the impacts where possible”.

Collins said the federal government had invested more than $113m preparing for the virus’s arrival. “We have also, working with states and territories, now released a further $24m.”

Without listing specific animals, Cookson said the government was taking “a number of actions in high-priority conservation species, including site- and species-specific planning”. There would also be a focus on protecting captive breeding populations, and implementing farm biosecurity measures to “limit contact between wild birds and poultry”.

Groups including the AMCS and the Invasive Species Council have called on the federal government to establish a $200m national wildlife resilience fund, “focused on emergency protection and recovery for our most at-risk species”.

How bad could bird flu get in Australia?

Worldwide, the H5N1 variant has caused “unprecedented levels of ongoing outbreaks”, killing millions of wild birds and tens of thousands of mammals.

Large-scale deaths have not yet occurred in Australia, but the major concerns relate to potential wildlife impacts: more than 150 native bird species have been assessed as being at “very high risk” of extinction or major decline if they are infected – including the red goshawk, fairy tern, plains-wanderer, shy albatross, black swan and western hooded plover.

More than 10 mammal species are at very high risk, including the Australian sea lion, the subantarctic fur seal and the Australian fur seal.

There could also be significant impacts on the poultry industry. Globally, an estimated 140m farmed birds have died or been culled since January last year. In the United States, the virus was linked to a 220% spike in egg prices in the first quarter of 2025. Western Australia’s Chamber of Commerce and Industry has warned that if the virus were to reach commercial flocks, it could push egg prices above $10 a carton. Mass culls could be necessary, and the RSPCA has called for fast-tracked research into more humane killing methods, such as the use of nitrogen in gas or foam.

Human-to-human transmission of the virus is not common, but since 2003, there have been 1,000 reported cases of H5N1 in humans globally, with a 48% fatality rate.